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India’s annual budget on Saturday is Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s second opportunity in seven months to refresh policy priorities to support an economy on a downward spiral.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman is set to outline fiscal steps that may include higher spending in rural areas and possible tax cuts when she delivers her second budget speech in New Delhi.
The government is expected to widen its budget deficit target for the year through March to 3.8 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product from a planned 3.3 per cent.
Sitharaman has had to contend with weaker tax revenue as the economy slowed, and lower-than-expected income from assets sales. She may be forced to borrow more and tap the Reserve Bank of India for more dividends to help finance the budget.
Here are the key aspects to watch for in the Union budget:
Fiscal Deficit
The government is set to miss its fiscal deficit target for a third straight year. Economists in a Bloomberg survey predict that the Finance Minister will also widen next years target to 3.5 per cent of GDP, even though a law on fiscal discipline mandates the government must narrow the shortfall to 3 per cent by then.
Sitharaman may use a so-called ‘escape clause’ provided in the rules to widen the current year’s goal by half a percentage point, and also amend the law to push the 3 per cent goal back by five years.
To invoke the escape clause, the government will need to cite exceptional circumstances, such as a war, a collapse in farm output, or when the economy is undergoing structural reforms with unanticipated fiscal implications. A. Prasanna, an economist at ICICI Securities Primary Dealership Ltd., said last year’s corporate tax cut, entailing a $20 billion giveaway, may qualify as sufficient reason.
Borrowings
The government will probably boost borrowing to fund the wider fiscal deficit, with a Bloomberg News poll estimating likely bond sales of Rs 7,80,000 crore ($109 billion) for the year starting April. That would be higher than Rs 7,10,000 crore budgeted for the current year.
Investors are also speculating about rules that make it easier for companies to borrow overseas, amid a prolonged cash squeeze in the domestic market. The measures may include freeing up firms to borrow at higher rates and offering tax breaks to global funds.
Revenue
The slowdown in the economy and the resultant tax concessions for companies to boost investments mean the government will probably miss the current year’s Rs 16,50,000 crore tax revenue target. ICICI Bank estimates a shortfall of Rs 2,10,000 crores in income from taxes.
The government may pencil in higher income from the sale of state-owned companies next year, having fallen short of the current years goal of Rs 1,05,000 crore.
It may also have to turn to the central bank for additional revenue. The RBI pays dividends to the government every year. It allocated Rs 1,76,000 crore last year, including Rs 52,640 crore from its surplus capital, and IDFC First Bank estimates it may pay around Rs 1,00,000 crore in the year starting April.
Expenditure
Spending cuts on account of a revenue crunch was one way the government tried to keep the fiscal deficit from ballooning. Sitharaman may make up for it by increasing public expenditure next fiscal year.
Nomura Holdings expects increased spending in the rural sector, particularly around programmes on jobs guarantees, affordable housing, health, education and farm income.
Also under consideration is subsidised loans for mobile-phone manufacturers, as the government seeks to attract the suppliers to Apple Inc and Samsung Electronics Co.
The budget may prioritise investment over short-term consumption demand, said Sonal Varma, an economist with Nomura in Singapore. “We expect the budget to be largely neutral for both growth and inflation.”
Tax measures
Some analysts are predicting tax changes to help support businesses and consumers. Here are some possible changes:
An increase in Tax rebates on home purchases would have a large multiplier effect for both employment and consumption, according to Edelweiss Securities Ltd.
Bank of America believes that cuts to personal income taxes, long-term capital gains, tax on share buybacks could help spur demand.
Tax relief for individuals, minus exemptions as proposed by the Direct Taxes Code, would result in a net gain for the government, according to ICICI Securities.
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