Father of the Indian Green Revolution and renowned agri-scientist, Prof MS Swaminathan, in an interview with BusinessLine, states emphatically that the Centre’s promise of doubling farmer income can become a reality if careful thought is applied and a comprehensive plan is drawn up. The role of the State and the public are crucial here, he stresses. Excerpts:

When the real income of farmers is growing at 4-4.5 per cent, can the government really double it in five years?

If you read the report of the National Commission on Farmers, we recommended that agricultural progress should be measured by the net income of the farmer and not just by his total production. How far have farmers benefited from the increase in production? Not much. So, income orientation to farming is necessary.

We suggested three measures for this. The first one arises purely from the crop a farmer cultivates. For instance, if the farmer grows rice, and the yield goes up to five tonnes from four earlier, he gets one more tonne to sell. His marketable surplus goes up. After the Green Revolution, Punjab farmers, who were getting 800-900 kg of wheat per hectare started getting four-five tonnes, their marketable surplus increased and they got more money.

So, by increasing productivity and ensuring that the output increases without costs going up much, farm income can go up. Take the SRI variety of rice in Tamil Nadu, which they say requires 30 per cent less water; naturally farmers gain.

So one aspect is higher marketable surplus at a lower cost. The second is the utilisation of all parts of the plant — the straw, the stem, the bran. For example, rice bran can be used to extract oil.

The rice bran itself, mixed with some molasses, becomes good poultry feed. The poultry industry is growing and there will be good demand. So, there should be mixed farming — a crop and livestock integration.

But the choice varies, depending on the farmer. For example, after the tsunami, we introduced poultry farming to the fishermen because, for a few months, they had nothing to do. They took to it like fish to water. We introduced rearing of hybrid cows and mushroom cultivation with rice straw in Puducherry’s bio-villages. This ensured some additional occupation through biomass utilisation.

The third aspect is the pricing of the commodity. There has to be public procurement at Minimum Support Price (MSP). The government margin is about 10-12 per cent over the cost of production.

In our report, we have recommended 50 per cent more than the cost of production as the MSP. Large businessmen get support from the government but farmers don’t. So, if the government is serious about doubling farmer income, there is a way but then they should spell out the methodology.

But the Agriculture Ministry says a cost-plus-50 per cent to farmers through MSP will distort the market…

They may say it will distort the consumer market, but, see, farmers are also consumers. It is a bureaucratic reply. How did production go up in the 1960s? Babu Jagjivan Ram was the Union Agriculture Minister then... He said unless you give a fairly attractive price, farmers won’t grow new varieties. So, whatever was the price recommended by the Commission, he increased it. He was a very pragmatic man. He came from a village and he understood farmers.

So, it can be done. Suppose I invest heavily in post-harvest technology, then the cost may come down and you can reduce the 50 per cent mark-up to 40 per cent or even 30 per cent…I am not saying 50 per cent is a sacred figure.

Do you think CACP captures the cost of production correctly?

The cost of production of a tonne of rice in Kerala is very different from that of, say, Bihar. The cost in Kerala is almost thrice, as labour charges are high, at ₹400-500/day. The problem with CACP (Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices) is that it does not take into account the variability within the country. State governments add an extra bonus to the announced MSP but that, again, in most cases is not sufficient.

India has been experiencing bad monsoon and drought, frequently. Hundreds of farmers committed suicide in Tamil Nadu last year. What is the solution for this?

We have dealt with farmer suicides in detail in the farmer commission report. Suicide is an act of desperation. I have done detailed studies on the issue in the Vidarbha area of Maharashtra.

BT cotton is expensive, but scarce water leads to crop failure. The more you spend on seeds, the more you lose when the crop dries up. Driven by hopelessness, farmers commit suicide, usually leaving behind wife and children. But the widow generally does not have the patta for the land. So, the father-in-law or brother-in-law steps in and takes away the land. The woman becomes a landless labourer. All this can be overcome only through local-level action and the Panchayat Raj.

Many government schemes introduced for farmers in the last two years have not yielded the desired results. Why? Also, do you think the ‘more crop per drop’ slogan will work?

There is implementation problem. You should empower the local bodies to implement the schemes. It can only be done with public support. With irrigation, I think farmers have to be taught to handle water carefully. ‘More crop per drop’ can be done, but it needs a considerable degree of infrastructure, levelling of the land, probably drip irrigation or furrow irrigation.

Why are we not diversifying? Why do we keep going for a few foodgrains again and again, while there is shortage in others?

Unless you provide a market for it, it is not going to happen. You can ask Punjab farmers to grow vanilla, but who will buy it? For wheat there is a market. Rice, maize and jowar have a market. But if you ask them to go for crops like paprika (Shimla mirch), who will buy it? All these are not well-thought-out.

A farmer here makes his own decisions, unlike China, where farm ownership is still with the government and the cultivator is only a tenant.

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