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The Sick Industrial Companies Act (SICA) is a quasi bankruptcy law, and was enacted on the lines of Chapter 9 of the US Bankruptcy Code.
Similar provisions in laws of other countries are fairly common — reorganisation provisions of US Insolvency Act, for instance, provide for revival of a bankrupt but potentially viable undertaking. As a matter of fact, Sections 391-393 of the Companies Act were also originally intended for revival of sick companies — that is why Section 390 provides that these sections are meant for restructuring of a company liable to be wound up under the Act.
Speedier enforcement
The SARFAESI (Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interests) Act, on the other hand, was enacted for speedier enforcement of security interests, that is, charges, by banks and financial institutions. The Act was also modelled on US' Article 9 of the UCC and laws relating to security interests on personal property in many other countries.
But unlike global practice, the law was kept limited to enforcement of security interests by banks and financial institutions.
As a result, it became the twin brother of the other law on enforcement of bankers' claims, the RDB Act, the difference being that the SARFAESI Act is concerned only with enforcement of security interests, whereas the RDB Act extends to enforcement of any claim by the bank.
Wider in scope
In that sense, the RDB Act is far wider in scope, but being based on involvement of a judicial authority, viz., the DRT, bankers have found it time-taking.
So, the latest idea of direct action against the culprit seems to be working much better than rendition of justice by judicial or quasi-judicial authorities. Justice is time-taking; hence, justice may be dispensed with!
Cross purposes
Bankruptcy laws and creditor-driven debt recovery laws obviously work at cross purposes. The idea of bankruptcy laws is rateable distribution.
Bankruptcy is obviously a case of shortfall of assets over liabilities. In such a situation, if the rule of might-is-right prevails, there would be absolute anarchy, and complete denial of fair opportunity to those creditors who have not used coercive means of recovery.
Hence, as an essential principle, bankruptcy laws provide for cessation of direct action against assets of the bankrupt, and provide for administration of the distribution of assets by a court-appointed administrator, liquidator or bankruptcy trustee.
Stay on action
Hence, bankruptcy laws almost invariably provide for stay on action by creditors against the bankrupt-debtor.
Such a stay against enforcement actions by creditors is all the more understandable in case of a bankrupt-but-viable, that is, sick-but-not-morbid debtor, because the very premise of sickness relief is that the entity may be restored back to health.
If, even while someone is working on revival of a sick company, creditors are allowed to attach assets and sell them, the very basis of revival does not remain. Hence, if creditors are allowed to seize and sell assets, that would strike at the very root of the revival proceeding.
Moratorium on seizure of assets
In India, as SARFAESI Act was passed, a primacy was given to the proceedings. That is, even if sickness revival proceedings were going on, a secured creditor could still seize and sell assets without the intervention of any judicial authority, not to speak of the BIFR. This itself, in principle, is highly strange.
The moratorium put on the seizure of assets by creditors during revival proceedings is not something that creditors are happy about.
In fact, if creditors are taken as vultures, the moratorium is to keep the vultures away, as the entity is sick and not dead. If a creditor is allowed to seize and sell assets, then the very hope of revival goes away, and the very basis on which rehabilitation exercise is presided over by BIFR gets frustrated.
New proviso
To make matters worse, a proviso was inserted under Section 15 (1) [this became the second proviso under sec. 15 (1)] to say that if secured creditors representing 75 per cent or more of the financial assistance availed by the borrower have taken one or more measures under sec. 13 (4) of the SARFAESI Act, then the reference shall abate.
Since SICA in essentially intended for industrial units, there is hardly any case of a sick company under SICA, which does not have loans from banks and financial institutions. Therefore, there is hardly any borrower who is under SICA, and still would not face SARFAESI Act action.
Discretion of lenders
This would mean, exactly opposite to the benevolent jurisdiction of the BIFR, sick companies face the discretion of the secured lenders — it is only where the lenders want the unit to be revived rather than killed that SARFAESI Act action shall not be taken, and therefore, the abatement of reference as envisaged by second proviso to Section 15(1) will not follow.
The primacy of SARFAESI Act to SICA is completely a mistaken legislative measure, and goes against the very spirit of bankruptcy or quasi-bankruptcy laws.
Reference abating
What is meaning of the reference abating? Abatement of a reference reads in the same rhythm as “abatement of a suit” as used in several places in Order XXII of the CPC. Black's Dictionary defines the word to mean the same as nullifying, eliminating or suspending.
There are several court rulings that have examined the meaning of the expression abatement of a suit — it means complete overthrow of a case, a complete termination of all proceedings. Abatement is not the same as stay — stay is a temporary cessation of proceedings, whereas abatement is complete end thereof.
This meaning of the word “abatement” seems appropriate in context of second proviso to Section 15 (1) of SICA.
Once creditors who have lent as much as 75 per cent of the loans to a sick company have taken away the assets, there is nothing really left in the sick company to be revived.
Hence, it is appropriate that the reference must get completely obliterated — whether it was pending or the company has already been declared sick.
In Ravi Spinning Ltd and Ors. vs Union Of India (Uoi) And Anr. 2006 (2) MhLj 145 a Division Bench of the Bombay High court held that the reference having been abated, the matter gets completely dissolved, and there is nothing for the BIFR to do thereafter.
The Orissa High Court in Noble Aqua P Ltd and others v. State Bank of India and others AIR 2008 ORISSA 103 tried to draw a distinction between a case where the reference is pending, and one where the unit has already been declared sick.
Court ruling
As per the Orissa High court, the question of abatement of reference would not arise where the unit had already been declared sick, as there is no pendency of reference in such a case.
The ruling has been referred to and not disputed in Kanakadhara Spinning Mills (P) Ltd. v. BIFR , ruling dated 23rd July 2009 >(http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/765303/ ) . The Delhi High Court in Punjab National Bank And Ors. vs Aaifr And Ors. on 26/5/2008, ( >http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/94829/ ) dissented from the ruling of the Orissa High court and held that even if proceedings had been taken on declaration of sickness, the second proviso to sec. 15 (1) will still prevail.
A Division Bench of the Calcutta High court in Imperial Tubes (P) Ltd. and Anr. vs Board For Industrial And Financial Reconstruction And Ors. on 12/10/2007 AIR 2008 Cal 15 did not discuss the ruling of the Orissa High Court, but strangely enough, in this case, one of the secured creditors who seized and sold the assets of the borrower under Section 13 (4) of the SARFAESI Act was also the operating agency.
Not much relief
In the present case, Orissa High Court's ruling is not of much relief to borrowers — several borrowers in respect of whom Orissa High Court ruling would be applicable are showing as “abated” status on the BIFR Web site.
In other words, the BIFR has clearly taken the view that secured creditors may go-grab the assets of their respective borrowers, with the BIFR looking the other side, and once that is done, the BIFR is left with nothing to do.
(The author is a practicing company secretary and has written several books. The views expressed are personal. >vinod@vinodkothari.com )
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