NASA’s twin lunar-orbiting spacecraft that provided valuable information about structure and composition of the Moon, is set to crash into the lunar surface, ending a 15-month gravity-mapping mission.

Ebb and Flow, the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission probes, are scheduled to hurtle into the crater at 1.7 kilometres per second 20 seconds apart, later tonight.

The duo’s successful prime and extended science missions generated the highest resolution gravity field map of any celestial body. The map will provide a better understanding of how Earth and other rocky planets in the solar system formed and evolved.

“It is going to be difficult to say goodbye,” said GRAIL principal investigator Maria Zuber of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge.

“Our little robotic twins have been exemplary members of the GRAIL family, and planetary science has advanced in a major way because of their contributions,” Zuber said.

The mountain where the two spacecraft will make contact is located near a crater named Goldschmidt. Both spacecraft have been flying in formation around the Moon since January, 2012.

The first probe to reach the Moon, Ebb, also will be the first to go down. Flow will follow Ebb about 20 seconds later.

Both spacecraft will hit the surface at 1.7 kilometres per second. They will fire their main engines until their propellant tanks are empty to determine precisely the amount of fuel remaining in their tanks.

This will help NASA engineers validate fuel consumption computer models to improve predictions of fuel needs for future missions.

“Our lunar twins may be in the twilight of their operational lives, but one thing is for sure, they are going down swinging,” said GRAIL project manager David Lehman of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.

“Even during the last half of their last orbit, we are going to do an engineering experiment that could help future missions operate more efficiently,” Lehman said.

Because the exact amount of fuel remaining aboard each spacecraft is unknown, mission navigators and engineers designed the depletion burn to allow the probes to descend gradually for several hours and skim the surface of the Moon until the elevated terrain of the target mountain gets in their way.

“Such a unique end-of-mission scenario requires extensive and detailed mission planning and navigation,” said Lehman.

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