The US federal government's gross national debt has surpassed $34 trillion, a record high that foreshadows the coming political and economic challenges to improve America's balance sheet in the coming years.

The US Treasury Department issued a report on Tuesday logging US finances, which have become a source of tension in a politically divided Washington that could possibly see parts of the government shut down without an annual budget in place.

Republican lawmakers and the White House agreed last June to temporarily lift the nation's debt limit, staving off the risk of what would be a historic default. That agreement lasts until January 2025. Here are some answers to questions about the new record national debt.

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How did the national debt hit $34 trillion?

The national debt eclipsed $34 trillion several years sooner than pre-pandemic projections. The Congressional Budget Office's January 2020 projections had gross federal debt eclipsing $34 trillion in fiscal year 2029.

But the debt grew faster than expected because of a multi-year pandemic starting in 2020 that shut down much of the US economy. The government borrowed heavily under then President Donald Trump and current President Joe Biden to stabilise the economy and support a recovery. But the rebound came with a surge of inflation that pushed up interest rates and made it more expensive for the government to service its debts.

"So far, Washington has been spending money as if we had unlimited resources," said Sung Won Sohn, an economics professor at Loyola Marymount University. "But the bottom line is there is no free lunch," he said, "and I think the outlook is pretty grim." The gross debt includes money that the government owes itself, so most policymakers rely on the total debt held by the public in assessing the government's finances. This lower figure -- $26.9 trillion -- is roughly equal in size to the US gross domestic product.

Last June, the Congressional Budget Office estimated in its 30-year outlook that publicly held debt will be equal to a record 181 per cent of American economic activity by 2053.

What is the impact to the economy?

The national debt does not appear to be a weight on the US economy right now, as investors are willing to lend the federal government money. This lending allows the government to keep spending on programmes without having to raise taxes.

But the debt's path in the decades to come might put at risk national security and major programmes, including Social Security and Medicare, which have become the most prominent drivers of forecasted government spending over the next few decades. Government dysfunction, such as another debt limit showdown, could also be a financial risk if investors worry about lawmakers' willingness to repay the US debt.

Foreign buyers of US debt -- like China, Japan, South Korea and European nations -- have already cut down on their holdings of Treasury notes.

A Peterson Foundation analysis states that foreign holdings of US debt peaked at 49 per cent in 2011, but dropped to 30 per cent by the end of 2022.

"Looking ahead, debt will continue to skyrocket as the Treasury expects to borrow nearly $1 trillion more by the end of March," said Peterson Foundation CEO Michael Peterson. "Adding trillion after trillion in debt, year after year, should be a flashing red warning sign to any policymaker who cares about the future of our country."

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How could it affect me?

The debt equates to about $100,000 per person in the US. That sounds like a lot, but the sum so far has not appeared to threaten US economic growth.

Instead, the risk is long-term if the debt keeps rising to uncharted levels. Sohn said a higher debt load could put upward pressure on inflation and cause interest rates to remain elevated, which could also increase the cost of repaying the national debt.

And as the debt challenge evolves over time, choices may become more severe as the costs of Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid increasingly outstrip tax revenues.

When it could turn into a more dire situation is anyone's guess, says Shai Akabas, director of economic policy at the Bipartisan Policy Centre, "but if and when that happens, it could mean very significant consequences that occur very quickly."

"It could mean a spikes in interest rates, it could mean a recession that leads to lots more unemployment. It could lead to another bout of inflation or weird goings on with consumer prices -- several of which are things that we have experienced just in the past few years," he said.

How do Republicans and Democrats differ?

Both Democrats and Republicans have called for debt reduction, but they disagree on the appropriate means of doing so.

The Biden administration has been pushing for tax hikes on the wealthy and corporations to reduce budget deficits, in addition to funding its domestic agenda. Biden also increased the budget for the IRS, so that it can collect unpaid taxes and possibly reduce the debt by hundreds of billions of dollars over 10 years.

Republican lawmakers have called for large cuts to non-defence government programmes and the repeal of clean energy tax credits and spending passed in the Inflation Reduction Act. But Republicans also want to trim Biden's IRS funding and cut taxes further, both of which could cause the debt to worsen.

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