Trade talks between India and Canada have taken a hit as tension rises after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said authorities were investigating "credible allegations" linking New Delhi's agents to the murder of Sikh separatist leader, Hardeep Singh Nijjar.

On Tuesday, New Delhi dismissed the allegations as "absurd", and asked Canada instead to crack down on anti-India elements operating in its territory.

Here is what is at stake for both countries:

HOW ARE TRADE TALKS AFFECTED?

Canada said this month it had paused talks on the proposed treaty with India, just three months after both said they aimed to seal an initial pact this year.

Industry estimates show the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) between Canada and India could boost two-way trade by as much as $6.5 billion, yielding a GDP gain of $3.8 billion to $5.9 billion for Canada by 2035.

Also Read | India expels Canadian diplomat amid escalating diplomatic row

WHAT ARE THE KEY ITEMS OF TRADE?

Steady growth has seen goods trade rising to $8 billion in 2022, with Indian exports to Canada touching $4 billion and imports from Canada also worth $4 billion.

Major imports from Canada include energy products such as coal, coke and briquettes, besides fertilisers, while India exports consumer goods, garments, engineering products such as auto parts, aircraft equipment and electronic items.

Also Read | Diplomatic row sours India-Canada ties

Canada's top export to India in 2022 were fossil fuels and related products worth nearly $1 billion, followed by fertilisers worth nearly $748 million, and wood pulp and plant fibres worth about $384 million, according to Trading Economics/UN Comtrade data.

Canada's Canpotex is also among the biggest suppliers of fertiliser ingredient potash. Three companies from India, which relies solely on the import of the fertiliser, signed an MoU with Canpotex in September 2022 to import about 1.5 million metric tonnes annually for three years.

Pharmaceutical products, worth about $418 million, made up the bulk of Indian exports last year, followed by iron and steel products worth about $328 million and machinery, nuclear reactors and boilers worth about $287 million.

India's growing demand for imported lentils has benefited Canadian farmers, while Indian pharmaceutical and software companies have expanded their presence in the Canadian market.

Also Read | Indian companies invest CAD 6.6 billion in Canada, creating thousands of jobs, says CII report

WHAT IS THE INVESTMENT POSITION?

Canada is India's 17th largest foreign investor, pouring in more than $3.6 billion since 2000, while Canadian portfolio investors have invested billions of dollars in Indian stock and debt markets.

The Canadian pension fund, CPP, had increased its investment in Indian markets to about $15 billion, in areas such as real estate, renewables and the financial sector by the end of last fiscal year in March 2023.

Other big pension funds with sizeable exposure to India include Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ), which has investments worth C$8 billion ($6 billion) as of Dec. 31, 2022, and Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (OTPP), which had investments of more than $3 billion as of last year.

HOW HAVE CORPORATES BENEFITED?

More than 600 Canadian companies, including Bombardier and SNC Lavalin, have a strong presence in India, while more than 30 Indian companies, such as infotech majors TCS, Infosys, Wipro have invested billions of dollars in Canada, creating thousands of jobs.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF INDIAN STUDENTS IN CANADA?

Since 2018, India has been the largest source country for international students in Canada.

In 2022, their number rose 47% to nearly 320,000, accounting for about 40% of total overseas students, the Canadian Bureau of International Education says, which also helps universities and colleges provide a subsidised education to domestic students.

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SIKHS?

Many analysts say the worsening ties could affect the economic interests of thousands of Sikh families in India's Sikh-majority state of Punjab in the north, since they have relatives in Canada, who remit millions of dollars back home.

The share of Canada's Sikh population has more than doubled in 20 years to 2.1%, according to the country's 2021 census, as large number of Sikhs migrated from India in search of higher education and jobs.

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