Assertive Mexico seeks leadership role in Latin America

Leaders from Latin America and the Caribbean gather in Mexico this weekend as the nation looks to assert itself as the new mediator between the region and the United States.

Saturday’s meeting in Mexico City of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, or CELAC, may or may not culminate in a rumoured mass exodus from the Organization of American States. Nevertheless, Mexico has signalled that it wants a leadership role in Latin America after years of focusing almost exclusively on its bilateral relationship with the US.

President Andrés Manuel López Obrador cited the closeness of that relationship in July when proposing that Mexico help the region open a dialogue with the US government to reorient the existing relationship based on a 2-century-old model that he said has no future.

Turning their backs on the United States was also not an option, López Obrador said. “It is time to express and explore another option: that of a dialogue with US leaders to convince them that a new relationship among the countries of America is possible.”

The president said Mexico’s proposal was for something closer to the model of the European Union. “In that spirit, you mustn’t rule out the substitution (of the Organization of American States) with a truly autonomous body, a lackey to no one,” he said.

CELAC and OAS

Mexico was CELAC’s president last year and its membership voted that Mexico continue in that role this year.

CELAC has only existed for 10 years and is more left-leaning, having remained on good terms with countries including Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua. Late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez was one of its biggest proponents. But members did not meet for long stretches.

Unlike with the OAS, the United States and Canada are not members; nor is Brazil, which withdrew in January 2020.

Mexico Foreign Affairs Secretary Marcelo Ebrard has been outspoken on the inequality and disparities in access to Covid-19 vaccines, and CELAC became a vehicle for Mexico’s efforts on that subject.

Mexico pursued a multipronged strategy of direct purchases and participation in multilateral efforts to obtain the vaccine. But at the same time, Ebrard worked through CELAC to produce the AstraZeneca vaccine in the region — in Argentina and Mexico — and distribute it there.

Late last month, Ebrard turned to the OAS. The organisation, he said, “became out-of-date because the world changed.”

“Goodbye OAS, in its interventionist, interfering and hegemonic sense,” Ebrard said to applause.

Facilitate dialouge

Along with its vaccine efforts in the region, Mexico has hosted a new round of dialogue between the Venezuelan government and the country’s opposition in Mexico City. López Obrador’s administration had resisted pressure to recognise the opposition leader Juan Guaidó.

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Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro was an unexpected presence who arrived late on Friday for the meeting. This is his first trip outside Venezuela since the US government indicted him on drug trafficking and terrorism charges in March 2020, and offered a reward of up to $15 million for him.

Address migration

Mexico’s president has cooperated with both the Trump and Biden administrations on immigration, deploying Mexican security forces to try to contain migrants in southern Mexico and allowing the US to return non-Mexican asylum seekers to await their cases in Mexico. López Obrador has asked the Biden administration to support the expansion of two of his signature social programs to Central America’s Northern Triangle to address the root causes of migration.

On Thursday, López Obrador hosted Cuban President Miguel Díaz-Canel and railed against the US economic blockade of Cuba. Mexico recently sent ships with food, medicine and fuel to the island.

Positives and negatives

Ana Vanessa Cárdenas Zanatta, a political science professor at Monterrey Technological and Anahuac Universities in Mexico City, said Mexico’s move to take a greater role in Latin America is positive.

“For the first time this government is assuming a position in terms of foreign policy and Latin American leadership that had been demanded of Mexico many times and it had not responded to,” Cárdenas said.

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But leaving the OAS would be a great risk since the organisation has the membership and financial support of major economies like the US, Canada, and Brazil, and still struggles financially. She said it is hard to imagine the CELAC being much more than a rhetorical and symbolic tool in the near future.

The debate was aired during an OAS meeting Friday.

Worrying talks

Colombia Foreign Affairs minister Marta Lucía Ramírez said talk of replacing the OAS was “worrisome.”

“Of course the answer must be no,” she said. The OAS and CELAC can be complementary.

During the meeting, Mexico’s representative, Luz Elena Baños, criticised the OAS for its policy of “interference,” arguing that organisation had deepened the political conflict between countries.

Rafael Elías Rojas, a professor of History at Mexico College and an expert in Latin American diplomacy, said Mexico is trying to lead.

“I don’t think it is improvised, they’ve been working for awhile,” Rojas said. But he expressed doubts due to how polarised the region is. “Since the fall of the Berlin Wall there has never been a moment so low for Latin Americanism.”

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